Of course, the operating consoles have stereoscopic viewers that contribute to increasing the surgeon’s precision and accuracy. ![]() In addition, the surgeon obtains an enhanced perception of the surgical target as stereoscopic cameras are almost always employed in these surgical devices. RAS avoids the surgeon having to stand for a long time, avoids human hand tremor and offers surgeons the possibility of making movements that would be physically impossible if they had to hold the surgical instruments with their own hands, such as twists and full 360° turns. Instead, they control a series of robotic arms that are introduced into the patient through small incisions. In this surgical paradigm, the surgeons do not directly handle the surgical tools. MIS is associated with less pain, shorter hospital stays and fewer complications because, by avoiding large incisions, infection risks are minimized and post-surgical pain is reduced.Ī step forward in MIS is robotic-assisted surgery (RAS), also called Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery (RMIS), or Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery (RAMIS). This type of surgical procedure is based on making small incisions in the patient's body, through which surgeons introduce different instruments and usually a laparoscopic camera. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) represents a fundamental paradigm shift in the field of surgery that has influenced the techniques used in almost every surgical field and caused a re-evaluation of clinical strategies. ![]() The results show that surgeons consider that this tool can be very useful in RAS training. The use of the tool has been assessed by a group of 15 surgeons during a robotic-surgery master’s course. The students can visualize the videos within a web environment using their personal mobile phones or a desktop stereo system. This new tool allows the registration of surgical procedures, teachers (experts) and students (trainees), so that the teacher can share a set of videos with their students, annotate them with virtual information and use a shared virtual pointer with the students. The tool is an MR application because it can display real stereoscopic content and augment it with virtual elements (annotations) properly registered in 3D and tracked over time. This article presents a mixed-reality (MR) tool for the stereoscopic visualization, annotation and collaborative display of RAS surgical procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to perform RAS training stereoscopically. ![]() One of these features is that the surgeons operate using a stereoscopic console. RAS involves distinctive features that makes its learning different to other minimally invasive surgical procedures. For this reason, it is important to be able to train surgeons in the use of RAS procedures. However, the steep learning curve of RAS remains a problem that hinders the development and widespread use of this surgical paradigm. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to introduce this paradigm into surgical training programs. Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) is developing an increasing role in surgical practice.
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